Due to a sedentary lifestyle, there is a rise in obesity across the globe. Obesity increases the presence of other chronic comorbidities. Exercise, healthy eating, and adequate sleep constitute integral non-pharmacological measures in controlling most chronic diseases.¹

 

Figure 1 describes the underlying objective of lifestyle medicine as the adoption of behavioural techniques and therapies for prophylaxis and reversal of chronic illnesses (e.g., diabetes and hypertension).¹

 

Figure 1: Aims and treatment practices of lifestyle medicine¹

Adapted from: Rozanski, et al. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2023.

Blue colour represents measures related to supporting physical activity or focusing on mobility risks. Green colour represents interventional factors associated with psychological well-being.

 

Although the cardiology field was considered a pioneer to initiate the use of lifestyle medicine, there remains a gap in addressing the current concerns of highly prevalent chronic diseases and aging-related issues such as cognitive impairment, heart failure, frailty, severe physical deconditioning, and dementia.¹

The three pillars in lifestyle medicine practices with respect to cardiologists include cardiac rehabilitation, preventive cardiology, and behavioural cardiology described in Figure 2.¹

 

Figure 2: Principles, advantages, and disadvantages associated with cardiac rehabilitation, preventive cardiology, and behavioural cardiology¹

Adapted from: Rozanski, et al. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2023.

CVD: Cardiovascular disease; CHOL: Cholesterol; HBP: High blood pressure; QoL: Quality of life; Rx: Treatment.

Future considerations:

The recommendations for improving the use of lifestyle medicine practices in cardiological practice are as follows:¹

Assessment of lifestyle factors as ‘vital signs’

Create stronger bonds between cardiology and physiatry

Introduction of behavioural evaluations and interventions

Transformation of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) into a global exercise training program

CR along with physical activity can result in the following:¹

Integrate the teaching of lifestyle medicine for respective specialties

• The American College of Lifestyle Medicine (ACLM) teaches a series of key skills that are mandatory for lifestyle medicine specialists.¹
• Developed a way for healthcare providers to be qualified and certified in lifestyle medicine.¹

Create inter-societal advocacy to promote lifestyle medicine practices

• The cardiology department has been pioneers in signing up other medical societies and/or other expert specialties for formation of best practices and guidelines for focusing on lifestyle-related risk factors.¹
• Some of the lifestyle related concerns that have been addressed by cardiology communities include the following:¹

Promotion of healthy lifestyles for well-being

• The behavioural specialists believe that life can be successful with a balanced psychological functioning.¹
• Hence, the modern medicine adopts the slogan such as “exercise is medicine”, “food is medicine”, or “lifestyle medicine” which not only focusses on healthy lifestyle habits for medicinal values, but to encourage optimal well-being at all ages of the lifecycle.

Key takeaways

• Seven steps that could be shared by these organisations and other medical societies.¹
• Cardiology could combine with the initiatives of the ACLM to attain objectives such as treating, preventing, and reversal of chronic diseases through lifestyle modifications.¹

 

In an editorial, Nicholis et al. took an initiative to describe the advantages of artificial intelligence (AI) with the perspective that the interest in AI application in cardiology is rising off late. This study also describes strategies to mitigate the challenges associated with AI.¹

Use of AI in cardiovascular imaging

Use of AI in electrophysiology

 

Use of AI support in clinical care

Both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases benefit from AI, particularly for disease diagnosis and patient assessment. It could help to scan images and reports, and risk detection for primary or secondary prevention.¹

Use of AI in disease diagnosis and risk prediction 

Obstacles to overcome in the field of AI in cardiology

• A close relationship and guidance among computer scientists, clinical investigators, clinicians, other healthcare professionals, regulatory authorities, health providers, and possibly even patients and the public, would allow easy recognition of the most prominent problems to be solved along each AI project.¹
• Addressing problems related to certifying AI products such as medical devices for confidentiality.¹
• Introduction of real-world structured and unstructured data with different quality and presentation to broaden the aspects of AI.¹
• Clarity on the differential classification of the complexity of the AI algorithms.¹

Implementation of AI into cardiology practice is a positive change that the profession will adopt. AI can aid physicians’ knowledge and decisions, towards precision cardiology and an effective health care.¹

Key takeaway

With AI there are possibilities of precision cardiology and better efficient health care.¹

 

As we age, our bodies undergo many changes, and one of the most notable is the process known as "inflammageing". This term refers to the unique combination of increased levels of inflammation in the body, a heavy load of multiple health conditions, and a heightened risk of disability, frailty, and early mortality. This condition is all too common among the elderly and has far-reaching impacts on overall health and quality of life. Understanding the complex interplay between aging and inflammation is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate these effects and improve health outcomes in older adults.

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Conclusion
High sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T: Considered the most ideal cardiac-specific biomarkers.

Key takeaways
Measuring cardio-specific biomarkers (natriuretic peptides and high sensitivity cardiac troponins) is considered better than the classical assay of oxidative stress and cardiokines for the easier detection of individuals with an elevated cardiovascular risk.

Unlocking the mystery of diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) requires not only a keen eye for detail and clinical acumen but also a mastery of cutting-edge cardiac imaging techniques. Swift diagnosis is a critical factor in securing a brighter future for those affected.

CS: Cardiac sarcoidosis; HF: Heart failure; SCD: Sudden cardiac death.

Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression (primarily with corticosteroids) seems to be the preferred choice of treatment when active inflammation is present in the myocardium. However, immunosuppression for a longer duration may lead to side effects that may impact the quality of life of patients during the treatment period.

Heart failure management

Table 1 describes, in brief, the type of treatment allotted for CS patients with other cardiac problems.

CS: Cardiac sarcoidosis; HF: Heart failure.

Although data suggest up to a 5% recurrence rate of sarcoidosis among patients with transplanted hearts, there are reports implying good long-term outcomes similar to or better than in the non-CS population.

Management of arrythmias and hierarchy of risks involved
Whether one has survived a sustained ventricular arrhythmia (VA), a near miss with sudden cardiac death (SCD), or has a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of less than 35%, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is highly recommended. Additionally, for cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) patients with a high- degree atrioventricular block (AVB), an ICD can offer the benefits of pacing. Recommendations for predicting the risk and implanting ICD according to the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) consensus statement (Figure 1).

Adapted from: De Bortolio, et al. Circ J. 2023.

CMR: Cardiac magnetic resonance; FDG: Fluorodeoxyglucose; ICD: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; PET: Positron emission tomography; RV: Right ventricular; VF: Ventricular fibrillation; VT: Ventricular tachycardia.

Conclusion

• A clinician must note a high-degree atrioventricular block, ventricular tachycardia, and heart failure as classic signs of CS, especially while examining elderly patients.
• In patients with clinical manifestations of cardiac sarcoidosis, immunosuppression is advised to curb fibrosis formation and maintain ventricular function. Despite immunosuppressive treatment, a significant risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias remains, which often requires the use of an implantable cardiac device in most patients with clinical manifestations of CS.

Key takeaways
The primary goals of the treatment of CS include the avoidance of fibrosis formation in the myocardium and SCD, and the treatment of other cardiac complications.

According to the 2021 survey conducted by the American Medical Association, 85% of the physicians who responded reported utilising telehealth apps, with over 80% citing "providing improved access to care for patients" as their primary reason.

Health 4.0 is an innovative idea inspired by Industry 4.0 or the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which encompasses the swift transformation of technology, industries, and societal norms, merging the boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological spheres.

A schematic representation of the range of technologies utilized in Health 4.0 to blend data analytics with machine learning, intelligent algorithms, and blockchain technology.

Conclusion:

• Digital healthcare provides healthcare professionals to concentrate on their primary goal: Interacting with patients in a seamless manner

Key takeaways
The consequential rise of digital technologies in healthcare and related research creates the possibility for fair and evidence-based care for everyone.

Between 5% to 10% of individuals suffering from acute myocardial infarction (MI) exhibit nonobstructive coronary arteries (normal or less than 50% stenosis), known as MINOCA.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels and variations of biomarkers for myocardial damage (hs-cTnT), myocardial dysfunction (NT-proBNP), inflammation (hs-CRP and GDF-15), and oxidative stress and hypoxia (GDF-15) in MINOCA patients both during the acute stage of the illness and for up to a month after it.

Adapted from: Hjort, et al Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023.

ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; CAD: Coronary artery disease; hs-cTnT: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T; MI-CAD: Myocardial infarction with obstructive coronary artery disease; MINOCA: Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries; PLATO: Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes.

Results

The levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) were determined in MINOCA (n=554) and MI-CAD patients at the baseline (n=11106).

Adapted from: Hjort, et al Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023.

GDF-15: Growth differentiation factor 15; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; hs-cTnT: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T; MI- CAD: Myocardial infarction with obstructive coronary artery disease; MINOCA: Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B- type natriuretic peptide.

Patients with MINOCA showed greater decreases in hs-cTnT, NT-proBNP, and hs-CRP levels versus MI-CAD over the course of a 1-month follow-up. At the end of the follow-up, MINOCA patients had lower hs-cTnT (GMR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.60–0.84]), NT-proBNP (geometric mean ratios (GMR), 0.45 [95% Confidence interval (CI), 0.36–0.56]), and hs-CRP (GMR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.53–0.86]) concentrations. The 1-month GDF-15 levels were similar for both groups with MI.

Conclusion

The biomarker levels indicate higher initial levels of inflammation, comparable levels of myocardial dysfunction, less severe myocardial damage in the acute phase of MINOCA compared to MI with obstructive coronary artery disease, but also quicker myocardial recovery.

Key takeaways
The study showed that MINOCA patients had a more initial inflammatory activity with a similar degree of myocardial dysfunction and a lesser intensity of myocardial damage compared to those with MI- CAD.

At the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary hypertension, the major concern was to reconsider the haemodynamic definition of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The European Respiratory Society (ERS) guideline provides upgraded definitions of PH such as the revised cut-off level for pulmonary vascular resistance and a definition of exercise PH.

Methods:

• The ERS task force (TF) formulated four PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes) questions and two narrative questions.
• Systematic literature searches were performed.
• GRADE (Grading, Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) methodology was applied.

A multi-step, rational method of diagnosis should be considered in patients with unexplained dyspnoea or symptoms/signs raising suspicion of PH.

Adapted from: Humbert, et al. European Respiratory Journal. 2023.

ABG: Arterial blood gas analysis; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; CPET: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing; CT: Computed tomography; CTEPH: Chronic thrombo-embolic pulmonary hypertension; ECG: Electrocardiogram; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; N: No; NT-proBN: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; O2: Oxygen; PAH: Pulmonary arterial hypertension; PE: Pulmonary embolism; PFT: Pulmonary function tests; PH: Pulmonary hypertension; ReCo: recommendation; Y: Yes.

Evidence-based pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment algorithm for patients with idiopathic, heritable, drug- associated, and connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Adapted from: humbert,et al. european respiratory journal. 2023.

DLCO: Lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide; ERA: Endothelin receptor antagonist; I/H/D-PAH: Idiopathic, heritable, or drug-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension; I.V: Intravenous; PAH-CTD: PAH associated with connective tissue disease; PCA: Prostacyclin analogue; PDE5i: Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor; PH: Pulmonary hypertension; PRA: Prostacyclin receptor agonist; ReCo: Recommendation; SC: Subcutaneous; sGCs: Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator.

Key takeaways
The ERS guideline’s major initiative included clearly defining the haemodynamic definition of PH and exercises intended for PH, along with a revised limit for pulmonary vascular resistance.

More than 6.3 billion doses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines were administered worldwide by the end of September 2021. Even though myocarditis and pericarditis were not reported as adverse effects in the COVID-19 vaccination trials, there have been numerous reports of suspected cases in the general population.

mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid.

SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; RNA: Ribonucleic acid; mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid.

Results

• Myocarditis risk increased within a week of receiving the first dose of both adenovirus and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines, and the risk increased even more after the second dose of both mRNA vaccines.
• There was no evidence of an increase in the risk of pericarditis or cardiac arrhythmias following vaccination except in the 1–28 days following a second dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine.
• Following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, there was a higher risk of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmia in the same population.
• The risk of myocarditis after vaccination with the two mRNA vaccines was higher in people under the age of 40.
• Extra myocarditis events per million people within 28 days of vaccination (events variable with doses and types of vaccines) were estimated to be significantly lower than events following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Figure 1 shows the number of excess events due to exposure per 1 million exposed.

Limitations

• It was hard to ascertain whether the findings were causal.
• Hospital admission codes and death certificates were used to define outcome measures, thus accounting for referral bias, and had restricted sensitivity analysis.
• Restricted data set was used for interpretation.
• The biological plausibility of the observed reduced risks of pericarditis and arrhythmia linked to vaccination was unclear.
• Study involved several comparisons, leading to erroneous inferences.
• The control outcomes were chosen to assess the validity of the association between cardiac events and vaccination, while control outcomes for SARS-CoV-2-positive test were challenging to interpret.

Conclusion

Adults who received the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine had a small risk of myocarditis after the first dose of both adenovirus and mRNA vaccines and after the second dose of both mRNA vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 infection, on the other hand, was linked to a significant increase in the risk of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmia-related hospitalisation or death.

Source:
Patone M, Mei XW, Handunnetthi L, et al. Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2021;10.1038/s41591-021-01630-0.

NON-2022-15052 - Date of creation January 2023

• Thromboembolic complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.
• High incidences of thrombosis (86%) and massive pulmonary embolism (36%) have been reported in critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to severe respiratory distress.
• SARS-CoV-2 infection, directly and indirectly, causes dysregulated immune responses, platelet hyperactivation, and endothelial dysfunction, which interact with each other and are exacerbated by cardiovascular risk factors.

Objective

To provide insights on the pathogenic basis of thromboinflammation and endothelial injury in COVID-19, as well as discuss therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms.

Study outcomes

• Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes dysregulated immune responses (Figure 1), platelet hyperactivation (Figure 2), and endothelial dysfunction (Figure 3), which leads to a higher rate of thromboembolic events in severely ill COVID-19 patients.
• Therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation, platelet hyperactivation, thrombosis, and endothelial dysfunction, in addition to vaccines or antiviral agents, may improve clinical outcomes, including mortality, in COVID-19 patients (Figure 4).

FAS: Fas cell surface death receptor; IFN: Interferon; IRFs: IFN-regulatory factors; IκBα: Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha;
MAVS: Mitochondrial antiviral-signalling protein; MDA5: Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5; NF-kB: Nuclear factor-kB; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; RIG-I: Retinoic acid-inducible gene I; RNA: Ribonucleic acid.

SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; vWF: Von Willebrand factor.

ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; Ang: Angiotensin; AT III: Antithrombin III; AT1R: Type 1 angiotensin receptors; BKR: Bradykinin receptors; DABK: Des-Arg(9)-bradykinin; C1q: Complement component C1q; C3: Convertase C3; C3b: Larger component formed by the cleavage of complement component 3; C5: Convertases C5; MAC: Membrane attack complex; MASP-2: Mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2; H protein: Multifunctional protein and displays functions outside the complement system; N protein: Nucleocapsid protein; NO: Nitric oxide; PGI2: Prostacyclin; TF: Tissue factor; TFPI: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor; S protein: Spike protein.

ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; BK: Bradykinin; DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulant; DNase: Deoxyribonuclease; JAK: Janus kinase; MAC: Membrane attack complex;
NET: Neutrophil extracellular trap; NO: Nitric oxide; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1.

Conclusion

Repurposing currently available drugs are widely used as therapeutic strategy targeting thromboinflammation and endothelial injury in COVID-19 in addition to vaccines and antiviral drugs. Combination treatment may be required to combat the multifactorial pathogenicity of COVID-19 and improve clinical outcomes, including mortality.

Source:
Higashikuni Y, Liu W, Obana T, et al. Pathogenic basis of thromboinflammation and endothelial injury in COVID-19: Current findings and therapeutic implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2021.8;22(21):12081.

NON-2022-15052 - Date of creation January 2023

• Heart failure is a serious global health concern, and early management can reduce the disease burden on healthcare systems.
• Echocardiogram is the most widely regarded primary method for assessing cardiac structure and function in diagnosing heart failure.
• Manually interpreting echocardiograms can be time-consuming and prone to human error. As a result, a fully automated deep learning workflow for classifying, segmenting, and annotating two-dimensional (2D) videos and Doppler modalities in echocardiograms was developed.

Results

A deep learning-based end-to–end workflow could automatically classify echocardiographic views and Doppler modalities and assess cardiac systolic and diastolic function parameters.

The external validation of the workflow in distinct cohorts from different countries, healthcare systems, and participants from Asia, Canada, and the USA showed the generalisability of automated measurements in men, women, and real-world clinical patients, with diverse ethnic backgrounds.

The variability of automatic measurements was lower than variability among manual measurements by expert sonographers.

The r coefficients and p values are for the log-transformed values.

In Asia cohort: The correlations between automated and manual measurements ranged from r=0.88 for E wave (mean absolute error [MAE] 7.4 cm/s) to r=0.95 for left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) (MAE 10.2 mL). The correlation between automated and manual measurements was r=0.89 (MAE 5.5%) for LVEF, r=0.92 (MAE 0.7 cm/s) for e' lateral, and r=0.90 (MAE 1.7) for E/e' ratio.

In Canada cohort: The correlations between automated and manual measurements ranged from r=0.67 for e’ medial (MAE 1.0 cm/s) to r=0.91 for LVESV (MAE 16.5 mL). The correlation between automated and manual measurements was r=0.75 (MAE 8.6%) for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), r=0.78 (MAE 1.2 cm/s) for e’ lateral, and r=0.75 (MAE 2.2) for E/e’ ratio.

In Taiwan cohort: The correlations between automated and manual measurements ranged from r=0.62 for left atrial end systolic volume (LAESV) (MAE 9.2 ml) to r=0.88 for e’ lateral (MAE 1.6 cm/s). The correlation between automated and manual measurements was r=0.75 (MAE 10.2%) for LVEF, r=0.87 (MAE 1.6 cm/s) for e’ lateral, and r=0.79 (MAE 1.8) for E/e’ ratio.

In Asia cohort: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.96 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.92–0.99) for determining participants with systolic dysfunction (LVEF 40%), 0.95 (0.88–0.99) for an e’ lateral wave velocity less than 10 cm/s, and 0.96 (0.92–0.99) for an E/e’ ratio of 13 or higher.

In Canada cohort: Based on automated measurements, the AUC was 0·91 (0·88–0·94) for identifying participants with LVEF less than 40%, 0.88 (0.84–0.92) for an e’ lateral velocity less than 10 cm/s, and 0.91 (0.88–0.94) for an E/e’ ratio of 13 or higher.

In Taiwan cohort: The AUC was 0·90 (0·89–0·90) for identifying participants with LVEF less than 40%, 0.94 (0.93–0.95) for an e’ lateral velocity of less than 10 cm/s, and 0.91 (0.89–0.93) for an E/e’ ratio of 13 or higher.

Conclusion

Deep learning algorithms can automatically annotate 2D videos and Doppler modalities with the same precision as expert sonographers. The use of an automated workflow may speed up access, improve quality, and reduce costs in the diagnosis and management of heart failure around the world.

Source:
Tromp J, Seekings PJ, Hung CL, et al. Automated interpretation of systolic and diastolic function on the echocardiogram: A multicohort study. Lancet Digit Health. 2022;4(1):e46–e54.

NON-2022-15052 - Date of creation January 2023

• Coronary slow flow (CSF) is a microvascular disorder characterised by the slow entry of radiopaque contrast agents into distal vascular structures during coronary angiography in the presence of normal or near-normal epicardial coronary arteries.
• Although the pathophysiology of CSF is not fully understood, new evidence points to a role for subclinical diffuse atherosclerosis in the aetiology of CSF.

Objective

The aim of this study was to look into the connection between atherogenic indices and CSF.

Methods

Patients included in the study:

• 130 patients with CSF
• 130 controls with normal coronary flow (NCF)

Using conventional lipid parameters,

• Atherogenic indices (atherogenic index of plasma [AIP],
• Castelli risk indices I and II [CRI-I and II]) were calculated.

Results

• When compared to the control group, patients with CSF had greater atherogenic indices and lower HDL-C values.
• Atherogenic indices, such as atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli risk index II (CRI-II), current smoking, and male sex, were found to be independent risk factors for CSF (Figure 1).
• White blood cell count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil cell count, platelet count, low-density ipoprotein cholesterol triglyceride, non-high–density lipoprotein cholesterol, AIP, atherogenic coefficient, CRI I and II values were considerably higher in the CSF group than in the control group.

AIP: Atherogenic index of plasma; CI: Confidence interval; CSF: Coronary slow flow; CRI-II: Castelli’s risk index II; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio. p-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Conclusion

AIP and CRI-II levels were independent predictors of CSF. Prospective studies in larger patient cohorts may shed more light on the role of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in the pathophysiology of CSF.

Source:
Afsin A, Kaya H, Suner A, et al. Plasma atherogenic indices are independent predictors of slow coronary flow. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21:608.

NON-2022-15052 - Date of creation January 2023

In a study published by Malmborg M et al. in the Journal of the American Heart Association, the authorspresented results of a large retrospective study that investigated if primary prevention with and highadherence to statins reduced the associated risk of cardiovascular events or death in a low-riskpopulation with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Statins are commonly used in the primary andsecondary prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in patients with T2DM. However, data regarding theeffect of statins on cardiovascular risks in a low-risk population with T2DM is limited.

The study group calculated the Proportion of DaysCovered (PDC) within 1 year in patients who purchased statins within 6 months following T2D diagnosis. The data was used to calculate composite outcomes ascombined end points of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke or all-cause mortality, whichever came first. Out of 77,170 patients, 42,975 (56%) were treated with statins, of whom 31,061 (72%) had a PDC ≥80%. The standardised 5-year risk in men aged 70 to 79 years treated with statins was 22.9% (95% CI, 21.5%–24.3%), whilst it was 29.1% (95% CI, 27.4%–30.7%) in untreated men, showing a significant risk reduction of 6.2% (95% CI, 4.0%–8.4%), p<0.0001 (Figure A). The reduction in CVD risk associated with statins increased with advancing age group (women: age 40–49 years, 0.0% [95% CI, −1.0% to 1.0%] and age 80–89 years, 10.8% [95% CI, 7.2%–14.4%]) (Figure B). The study group concluded that in a low-risk population with T2DM, use of statins was associated with a lower 5-year risk of a composite outcome of first MI, first ischaemic stroke, or all-cause mortality in all age groups for men and from age >50 years in women. In addition, the risk reduction increased with advancing age groups.

 

 

Source:
Malmborg M, Schmiegelow MD, Gerds T, et al. Compliance in Primary Prevention with Statins and Associations with Cardiovascular Risk and Death in a Low¬Risk Population with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(13):e020395.

NON-2022-14454-N

An analysis of a large nationwide registry reported no serious consequences for same-day discharge following an elective Percutaneous Cardiovascular Intervention (PCI). The study included data from 819,091 patients who underwent an elective PCI procedure from 2009 to 2017. The proportion of patients opting for a same-day discharge elective PCIs rose from 4.3% to 19.5% for femoral-access and 9.9% to 39.7% for radial-access during this period, indicating a five- and four-fold growth respectively (Figure 1). Outcomes in 212,369 patients were analysed within this study, which reported that despite the growth in same-day discharges, there were no significant changes in the 30-day mortality rate. On the contrary, the 30-day risk of rehospitalisation fell after risk adjustment. These findings may represent an opportunity to reduce cost of hospitalisation, without compromising patient outcomes.

Source:
Bradley SM, Kaltenbach LA, Xiang K, et al. Trends in Use and Outcomes of Same-Day Discharge Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021; 14:1655-66, 1667-69.

NON-2022-14456-N

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts, including members of the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA), the American Society of ExtraCorporeal Technology (AmSECT), and the Society for the Advancement of Blood Management (SABM) to review the latest data on patient blood management and update the 2011 update to The Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Blood Conservation Clinical Practice Guidelines.

The update emphasised upon the importance of an evidence-based, multimodal, and multidisciplinary approach to encompass optimisation of outcomes in patients at high risk for transfusion along with conserving blood resources.

Highlights of the GuidelineUpdate:#

---

Current Recommendations for Patient Blood Management Based on Intervention Type – ACC/AHA Class I Level A*

---

Preoperative interventions

Preoperative identification of high-risk patients should be performed, and all available preoperative and perioperative measures of blood conservation should be undertaken in this group as they account for the majority of blood products transfused.

---

Blood products and derivatives

Antithrombin III concentrates are indicated to reduce plasma transfusion in patients with antithrombin-mediated heparin resistance immediately before cardiopulmonary bypass.

---

Blood salvage interventions

Routine use of red cell salvage using centrifugation is helpful for blood conservation in cardiac operations using CPB.

---

ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass
#Only Class I, Level A recommendations have been mentioned here.
*Class I: Strong strength of recommendation where benefit>>>risk; Level A: High-quality evidence from more than 1 randomised controlled trial (RCT), meta-analyses of high-quality RCTs, one or more RCTs corroborated by high-quality registry studies.

Source:
Tibi P, McClure RS, Huang J, et al. STS/SCA/Am SECT/SABM Update to the Clinical Practice Guidelines on Patient Blood Management.
Ann Thorac Surg. 2021;S0003–4975(21)00556-7.

NON-2022-14459-N

Coronary vasomotion abnormalities play central roles in the pathogenesis of ischaemic heart diseases, frequently involving endothelial dysfunction and coronary artery spasms. In patients with Vasospastic Angina (VSA), coronary vasomotion abnormalities can develop in epicardial coronary arteries as well asncoronary microvessels. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)n are widely used for patients with epicardial coronary spasm; however, they have limited efficacy in patients with angina involving microvasculature. A recently published dual-protocol study in the International Journal of Cardiology by Sugisawa et al. evaluated effects of physical exercise on vasodilator capacity of coronary microvessels in patients with VSA taking CCBs.

Protocol 1 involved measuring Myocardial Blood Flow (MBF) using adenosine-stress dynamic Computed Tomography Perfusion (CTP) in 38 VSA patients and 17 non-VSA controls. Protocol 2 consisted of a randomised-controlled trial, where 20 VSA patients were randomly assigned to either 3-month exercise training group (n=10) or nonexercise group (n=10).

Protocol 1 group showed significantly decreased MBF on CTP in the VSA group compared with the controls (138±6 vs 166±10 ml/100 g/min, p=0.02). In the protocol 2, exercise capacity was significantly increased in the exercise group compared with the non-exercise group (11.5±0.5 to 15.4±1.8 vs 12.6±0.7 to 14.0±0.8 ml/min/kg, p<0.01). Similarly, MBF was found to be significantly improved after 3 months only in the exercise group (exercise group, 145±12 to 172±8 ml/100 g/min, p<0.04; non-exercise group, 143±14 to 167±8 ml/100 g/min, p=0.11), with non-significance between-group differences. The researchers provided first of its kind of evidence that showed impaired vasodilator capacity of coronary microvessels in VSA patients and beneficial effects of exercise training with CCBs to improve their physical performance (Figure A).

Source:
Sugisawa J, Matsumoto Y, Takeuchi M, et al. Beneficial effects of exercise training on physical performance in patients with vasospastic angina. Int J Cardiol. 2021;328:14–21.

NON-2022-14461-N

Oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA). Previous animal and in-vitro studies have reported human-kallistatin (KAL), a serine proteinase inhibitor, to inhibit formation of reactive oxygen species, inflammation, and cellular apoptosis. A recent research published in Nature Scientific Reports, by Krishna SM et al., investigated the role of KAL in AAA through experimental mouse models and patients.

Development of AAA was inhibited in the calcium phosphate (CaPO4) and subcutaneous Angiotensin II (AngII) infusion mouse models by transgenic overexpression of the human KALgene (KSTg) or administration of recombinant human KAL (rhKAL). Blood samples of 272 men aged above 65 years with risk factors for an AAA showed a negative association between serum KAL and AAA diagnosis and growth (Spearman’s rho −0.173, p=0.004; Figure A). Administration of rhKAL to vascular smooth muscle cells incubated in the presence of AngII or in human AAA thrombus-conditioned media down regulated markers of oxidative stress and reduced the rate of apoptosis. Conversely, upregulation of KAL in mouse models and patients reduced markers of oxidative stress, severity of aortic elastin degradation, and vascular smooth muscle apoptosis within the aorta. This action of KAL was associated with upregulation of Sirtuin 1 activity within the aortas of both KS-Tgmice and rodents receiving rhKAL. The researchers suggested KAL-Sirtuin 1 signalling may limit aortic wall remodelling and development of an aneurysm through reductions in oxidative stress and vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis.

Source:
Krishna SM, Li J, Wang Y,et al. Kallistatin limits abdominal aortic aneurysm by attenuating generation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. Sci Rep. 2021; 11:17451.

NON-2022-14463-N